The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has updated its Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, including with new information specifically addressed to individuals in the European Economic Area. As described in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, this website utilizes cookies, including for the purpose of offering an optimal online experience and services tailored to your preferences.

Please read the entire Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. By closing this message, browsing this website, continuing the navigation, or otherwise continuing to use the APA's websites, you confirm that you understand and accept the terms of the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, including the utilization of cookies.

×
Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1176/foc.2.3.496

References

  • 1 Osler W: On Chorea and Choreiform Affections. Philadelphia, HK Lewis, 1894, pp 33–35 Google Scholar
  • 2 Chapman AH, Pilkey L, Gibbons MJ: A psychosomatic study of eight children with Sydenham’s chorea. Pediatrics 1958; 21:582–595 Google Scholar
  • 3 Freeman JM, Aron AM, Collard JE, MacKay MC: The emotional correlates of Sydenham’s chorea. Pediatrics 1965; 35:42–49 Google Scholar
  • 4 Grimshaw L: Obsessional disorder and neurological illness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1964; 27:229–231 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Swedo SE: Sydenham’s chorea: a model for childhood autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA 1994; 272:1788–1791 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Thiebaut F: Sydenham’s chorea, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol 8. Edited by Vinken P, Bruyn G. Amsterdam, North Holland, 1968, pp 409–436 Google Scholar
  • 7 Rapoport JL: The neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. JAMA 1989; 260:2888–2890 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Goldman S, Amron D, Szliwowski HB, Detemmerman D, Goldman S, Bidaut LM, Stanus E, Luxen A: Reversible striatal hypermetabolism in a case of Sydenham’s chorea. Mov Disord 1993; 8:355–358 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Giedd JN, Rapoport JL, Kruesi MJ, Parker C, Schapiro MB, Allen AJ, Leonard HL, Kaysen D, Dickstein DP, Marsh WL, Kozuch PL, Vaituzis AC, Hamburger SD, Swedo SE: Sydenham’s chorea: magnetic resonance imaging of the basal ganglia. Neurology 1995; 45:2199–2202 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Casey BJ, Vauss YC, Chused A, Swedo SE: Cognitive functioning in Sydenham’s chorea, parts I and II: attentional processes and executive functioning. Developmental Neuropsychology 1994; 10:75–96 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Insel TR: Toward a neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:739–744 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Husby G, Van de Rijn I, Zabriskie JB, Abdin AH, Williams RC: Antibodies reacting with cytoplasm of subthalamic and caudate nuclei neurons in chorea and acute rheumatic fever. J Exp Med 1976; 144:1094–1110 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Kiessling LS: Speculations on antineuronal antibody-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood. Pediatrics 1994; 93:323–326 Google Scholar
  • 14 Kiessling LS, Marcotte AC, Culpepper L: Antineuronal antibodies in movement disorders. Pediatrics 1993; 92:39–43 Google Scholar
  • 15 Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Cheslow DL, Leonard HL, Ayoub EM, Hosier DM, Wald ER: High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenham’s chorea. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:246–249 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Schapiro MB, Casey BJ, Mannheim GB, Lenane MC, Rettew DC: Sydenham’s chorea: physical and psychological symptoms of St Vitus dance. Pediatrics 1993; 91:706–713 Google Scholar
  • 17 Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Leonard HL, Lenane MC, Cheslow D: Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: clinical phenomenology of 70 consecutive cases. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:335–341 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Leonard HL, Lenane MC, Swedo SE, Rettew DC, Gershon ES, Rapoport JL: Tics and Tourette’s syndrome: a 2- to 7-year follow-up of 54 obsessive-compulsive children. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1244–1251 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Rettew DC, Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Lenane MC, Rapoport JL: Obsessions and compulsions across time in 79 children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992; 31:1050–1056 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Allen AJ, Leonard HL, Swedo SE: Case study: a new infection-triggered, autoimmune subtype of pediatric OCD and Tourette’s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:307–311 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Cheadle WB: The various manifestations of the rheumatic state as exemplified in children and early life. Lancet 1889; 1:821–827 Google Scholar
  • 22 Ayoub EM, Wannamaker LW: Streptococcal antibody titers in Sydenham’s chorea. Pediatrics 1966; 38:946–956 Google Scholar
  • 23 Berrios X, Quesney F, Morales A, Blazquez J, Bisno AL: Are all recurrences of “pure” Sydenham chorea true recurrences of acute rheumatic fever? Pediatrics 1985; 10:867–872 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Welner Z, Reich W, Herjanic B, Jung K, Amado H: Reliability, validity, and child agreement studies of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987; 26:649–653 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Reich W, Cottler L, McCallum K, Corwin D, VanEerdewegh M: Computerized interviews as a method of assessing psychopathology in children. Compr Psychiatry 1995; 36:40–45 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Spitzer RL, Endicott J: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), 3rd ed. New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research, 1982 Google Scholar
  • 27 Denckla MB: Revised neurological examination for subtle signs. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985; 21:773–793 Google Scholar
  • 28 Touwen BCL: Examination of the Child With Minor Neurological Dysfunction. Clinics in Developmental Medicine, vol 71. London, Heinemann, 1979, p 53 Google Scholar
  • 29 Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Delgado P, Heninger GR, Charney DS: The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, II: validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:1012–1016 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL, Heninger GR, Charney DS: The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, I: development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:1006–1011 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Shapiro AK, Shapiro ES, Young JG, Feinberg TE: Measurements in tic disorders, in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome, 2nd ed. New York, Raven Press, 1988, pp 451–480 Google Scholar
  • 32 Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Fleiss JL, Cohen J: The Global Assessment Scale: a procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33:766–771 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Murphy DL, Pickar D, Alterman IS: Methods for the quantitative assessment of depressive and manic behavior, in The Behavior of Psychiatric Patients. Edited by Burdock EL, Sudilovsky A, Gershon S. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1982, pp 355–392 Google Scholar
  • 34 Insel TR, Murphy DL, Cohen RM, Alterman I, Kilts C, Linnoila M: Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind trial of clomipramine and clorgyline. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40:605–612 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Pitman RK, Green RC, Jenike MA, Mesulam MM: Clinical comparison of Tourette’s disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:1166–1171 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Holzer JC, Goodman WK, McDougle CJ, Baer L, Boyarsky BK, Leckman JF, Price LH: Obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without a chronic tic disorder: a comparison of symptoms in 70 patients. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164:469–473 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Thomsen PH, Mikkelsen HU: Course of obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a prospective follow-up study of 23 Danish cases. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:1432–1440 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Brandenburg NA, Friedman RM, Silver SE: The epidemiology of childhood psychiatric disorders: prevalence findings from recent studies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29:76–83 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Costello EJ: Developments in child psychiatric epidemiology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989; 28:836–841 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Roitt IM, Brostoff J, Male DK: Essential Immunology, 4th ed. Baltimore, Mosby, 1996, p 31 Google Scholar
  • 41 Karno M, Golding JM, Sorenson SB, Burnam MA: The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:1094–1099 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Ravizza L, Barzega G, Bellino S, Bogetto F, Maina G: Predictors of drug treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56:368–373 Google Scholar
  • 43 Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A, Morgenstern J, Katz RJ: Predictors of treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder: multivariate analysis from a multicenter trial of clomipramine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 14:247–254 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Huovinen P, Lahtonen R, Ziegler T, Meurman O, Hakkarainen K, Miettinen A, Arstila D, Eskola J, Saikku P: Pharyngitis in adults: the presence and coexistence of viruses and bacterial organisms. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:612–616 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Sher A, Gazzinelli RT, Oswald IP, Clerici M, Kullberg M, Pearce EJ, Berzofsky JA, Mosmann TR: Role of T-cell derived cytokines in the down regulation of immune responses in parasitic and retroviral injection. Immunol Rev 1992; 127:183–204 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Castro AG, Minoprio P, Appleberg R: The relative impact of bacterial virulence and host genetic background on cytokine expression during Mycobacterium avium infection of mice. Immunology 1995; 85:556–561 Google Scholar
  • 47 Wilson MG, Schweitzer MD, Lubschez R: The familial epidemiology of rheumatic fever: genetic and epidemiologic studies. J Pediatr 1943; 22:468–492 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Gibofsky A, Khanna A, Suh E, Zabriskie JB: The genetics of rheumatic fever: relationship to streptococcal infection and autoimmune diseases. J Rheumatol Suppl 1991; 30:1–5 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Mittleman BB, Allen AJ, Rapoport JL, Dow SP, Kanter ME, Chapman F, Zabriskie J: Identification of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections by a marker associated with rheumatic fever. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:110–112 CrossrefGoogle Scholar