INFLUENTIAL PUBLICATIONFull Access
Clinical Description of the First 50 Cases
- Susan E. Swedo, M.D.,
- Henrietta L. Leonard, M.D.,
- Marjorie Garvey, M.D.,
- Barbara Mittleman, M.D.,
- Albert J. Allen, M.D., Ph.D.,
- Susan Perlmutter, M.D.,
- Lorraine Lougee, L.C.S.W.,
- Sara Dow, B.A.,
- Jason Zamkoff, B.A., and
- Billinda K. Dubbert, M.S.N.
,
M.D.,
,
M.D.,
,
M.D.,
,
M.D.,
,
M.D., Ph.D.,
,
M.D.,
,
L.C.S.W.,
,
B.A.,
,
B.A., and
,
M.S.N.References
- 1 Osler W: On Chorea and Choreiform Affections. Philadelphia, HK Lewis, 1894, pp 33–35 Google Scholar
- 2 Chapman AH, Pilkey L, Gibbons MJ: A psychosomatic study of eight children with Sydenham’s chorea. Pediatrics 1958; 21:582–595 Google Scholar
- 3 Freeman JM, Aron AM, Collard JE, MacKay MC: The emotional correlates of Sydenham’s chorea. Pediatrics 1965; 35:42–49 Google Scholar
- 4 Grimshaw L: Obsessional disorder and neurological illness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1964; 27:229–231 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 5 Swedo SE: Sydenham’s chorea: a model for childhood autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA 1994; 272:1788–1791 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 6 Thiebaut F: Sydenham’s chorea, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol 8. Edited by Vinken P, Bruyn G. Amsterdam, North Holland, 1968, pp 409–436 Google Scholar
- 7 Rapoport JL: The neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. JAMA 1989; 260:2888–2890 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 8 Goldman S, Amron D, Szliwowski HB, Detemmerman D, Goldman S, Bidaut LM, Stanus E, Luxen A: Reversible striatal hypermetabolism in a case of Sydenham’s chorea. Mov Disord 1993; 8:355–358 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 9 Giedd JN, Rapoport JL, Kruesi MJ, Parker C, Schapiro MB, Allen AJ, Leonard HL, Kaysen D, Dickstein DP, Marsh WL, Kozuch PL, Vaituzis AC, Hamburger SD, Swedo SE: Sydenham’s chorea: magnetic resonance imaging of the basal ganglia. Neurology 1995; 45:2199–2202 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 10 Casey BJ, Vauss YC, Chused A, Swedo SE: Cognitive functioning in Sydenham’s chorea, parts I and II: attentional processes and executive functioning. Developmental Neuropsychology 1994; 10:75–96 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 11 Insel TR: Toward a neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:739–744 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 12 Husby G, Van de Rijn I, Zabriskie JB, Abdin AH, Williams RC: Antibodies reacting with cytoplasm of subthalamic and caudate nuclei neurons in chorea and acute rheumatic fever. J Exp Med 1976; 144:1094–1110 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 13 Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Kiessling LS: Speculations on antineuronal antibody-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood. Pediatrics 1994; 93:323–326 Google Scholar
- 14 Kiessling LS, Marcotte AC, Culpepper L: Antineuronal antibodies in movement disorders. Pediatrics 1993; 92:39–43 Google Scholar
- 15 Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Cheslow DL, Leonard HL, Ayoub EM, Hosier DM, Wald ER: High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenham’s chorea. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:246–249 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 16 Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Schapiro MB, Casey BJ, Mannheim GB, Lenane MC, Rettew DC: Sydenham’s chorea: physical and psychological symptoms of St Vitus dance. Pediatrics 1993; 91:706–713 Google Scholar
- 17 Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Leonard HL, Lenane MC, Cheslow D: Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: clinical phenomenology of 70 consecutive cases. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:335–341 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 18 Leonard HL, Lenane MC, Swedo SE, Rettew DC, Gershon ES, Rapoport JL: Tics and Tourette’s syndrome: a 2- to 7-year follow-up of 54 obsessive-compulsive children. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1244–1251 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 19 Rettew DC, Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Lenane MC, Rapoport JL: Obsessions and compulsions across time in 79 children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992; 31:1050–1056 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 20 Allen AJ, Leonard HL, Swedo SE: Case study: a new infection-triggered, autoimmune subtype of pediatric OCD and Tourette’s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:307–311 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 21 Cheadle WB: The various manifestations of the rheumatic state as exemplified in children and early life. Lancet 1889; 1:821–827 Google Scholar
- 22 Ayoub EM, Wannamaker LW: Streptococcal antibody titers in Sydenham’s chorea. Pediatrics 1966; 38:946–956 Google Scholar
- 23 Berrios X, Quesney F, Morales A, Blazquez J, Bisno AL: Are all recurrences of “pure” Sydenham chorea true recurrences of acute rheumatic fever? Pediatrics 1985; 10:867–872 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 24 Welner Z, Reich W, Herjanic B, Jung K, Amado H: Reliability, validity, and child agreement studies of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987; 26:649–653 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 25 Reich W, Cottler L, McCallum K, Corwin D, VanEerdewegh M: Computerized interviews as a method of assessing psychopathology in children. Compr Psychiatry 1995; 36:40–45 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 26 Spitzer RL, Endicott J: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), 3rd ed. New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research, 1982 Google Scholar
- 27 Denckla MB: Revised neurological examination for subtle signs. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985; 21:773–793 Google Scholar
- 28 Touwen BCL: Examination of the Child With Minor Neurological Dysfunction. Clinics in Developmental Medicine, vol 71. London, Heinemann, 1979, p 53 Google Scholar
- 29 Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Delgado P, Heninger GR, Charney DS: The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, II: validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:1012–1016 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 30 Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL, Heninger GR, Charney DS: The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, I: development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:1006–1011 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 31 Shapiro AK, Shapiro ES, Young JG, Feinberg TE: Measurements in tic disorders, in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome, 2nd ed. New York, Raven Press, 1988, pp 451–480 Google Scholar
- 32 Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Fleiss JL, Cohen J: The Global Assessment Scale: a procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33:766–771 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 33 Murphy DL, Pickar D, Alterman IS: Methods for the quantitative assessment of depressive and manic behavior, in The Behavior of Psychiatric Patients. Edited by Burdock EL, Sudilovsky A, Gershon S. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1982, pp 355–392 Google Scholar
- 34 Insel TR, Murphy DL, Cohen RM, Alterman I, Kilts C, Linnoila M: Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind trial of clomipramine and clorgyline. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40:605–612 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 35 Pitman RK, Green RC, Jenike MA, Mesulam MM: Clinical comparison of Tourette’s disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:1166–1171 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 36 Holzer JC, Goodman WK, McDougle CJ, Baer L, Boyarsky BK, Leckman JF, Price LH: Obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without a chronic tic disorder: a comparison of symptoms in 70 patients. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164:469–473 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 37 Thomsen PH, Mikkelsen HU: Course of obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a prospective follow-up study of 23 Danish cases. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:1432–1440 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 38 Brandenburg NA, Friedman RM, Silver SE: The epidemiology of childhood psychiatric disorders: prevalence findings from recent studies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29:76–83 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 39 Costello EJ: Developments in child psychiatric epidemiology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989; 28:836–841 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 40 Roitt IM, Brostoff J, Male DK: Essential Immunology, 4th ed. Baltimore, Mosby, 1996, p 31 Google Scholar
- 41 Karno M, Golding JM, Sorenson SB, Burnam MA: The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:1094–1099 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 42 Ravizza L, Barzega G, Bellino S, Bogetto F, Maina G: Predictors of drug treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56:368–373 Google Scholar
- 43 Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A, Morgenstern J, Katz RJ: Predictors of treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder: multivariate analysis from a multicenter trial of clomipramine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 14:247–254 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 44 Huovinen P, Lahtonen R, Ziegler T, Meurman O, Hakkarainen K, Miettinen A, Arstila D, Eskola J, Saikku P: Pharyngitis in adults: the presence and coexistence of viruses and bacterial organisms. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:612–616 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 45 Sher A, Gazzinelli RT, Oswald IP, Clerici M, Kullberg M, Pearce EJ, Berzofsky JA, Mosmann TR: Role of T-cell derived cytokines in the down regulation of immune responses in parasitic and retroviral injection. Immunol Rev 1992; 127:183–204 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 46 Castro AG, Minoprio P, Appleberg R: The relative impact of bacterial virulence and host genetic background on cytokine expression during Mycobacterium avium infection of mice. Immunology 1995; 85:556–561 Google Scholar
- 47 Wilson MG, Schweitzer MD, Lubschez R: The familial epidemiology of rheumatic fever: genetic and epidemiologic studies. J Pediatr 1943; 22:468–492 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 48 Gibofsky A, Khanna A, Suh E, Zabriskie JB: The genetics of rheumatic fever: relationship to streptococcal infection and autoimmune diseases. J Rheumatol Suppl 1991; 30:1–5 Crossref, Google Scholar
- 49 Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Mittleman BB, Allen AJ, Rapoport JL, Dow SP, Kanter ME, Chapman F, Zabriskie J: Identification of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections by a marker associated with rheumatic fever. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:110–112 Crossref, Google Scholar